A justiça na república de Platão

Abstract

The great debate established in the dialogue The Republic refers to the attempt to define the concept of justice. Theme wherewith we occupy ourselves in this dissertation. In the wake of this discussion are exposed the propositions of Céfalo, Polemarco, Trasímaco and Gláucon; all confronted by Socrates, preparing, the master of Plato, the path to new discussion after declaring that the city is founded from the association between men and that it is only possible to observe justice having an overview of city. In this sense, we will investigate why Plato begins to examine justice "from the big letters”, that is, the city in its entirety, rather than investigating men, since it is through their associations that they found the city. To overcome this problem we will follow the same dialectical steps undertaken by Plato in the Republic. In this way, it is analyzed in the city founded, seen from the perspective of unity, which forms the whole of the platonic politéia, if we can find in it the following virtues: wisdom, courage, temperance and justice; in order to qualify what is justice in the city and in the individuals who comprise it the following classes: rulers, warriors and artificers. As a result of this analysis, we will find, in Plato's conception, what constitutes, therefore, the notion of justice located from the macrocosmic lens in which each class fulfills its design according to its nature. In addition, we will investigate to what extent the city will be ready to prosecute the maintenance of justice already seen. Thereunto, we will see that Plato establishes a model of education in which individuals will be subjected and tested in order to find, among them, those who present the best dispositions in the soul to govern the polis. Once the guardians of the city are educated and consecrated, they will seek to implement what is best for all, in order to constitute a perfect harmony and unity, meeting the wishes of the community without prejudice to the parties.