Povos Yanomami sob ataque: violências do garimpo ilegal e os estímulos de uma colonialidade estatal

Abstract

This research presents an exploratory analysis of the increase in violence against indigenous peoples in Brazil as a practice stimulated by a coloniality identified in the Brazilian State, based on a case study of illegal mining in the Yanomami Indigenous Land (TIY). The time frame of the research ranges from 1973 to 2022, in order to obtain chronological observations for the study. It starts with the consideration of the first territorial interventions in TIY, carried out by the Brazilian State during the civil-military regime imposed in 1964, characterizing this contact and operation as colonial in its technique and militarized in its execution. That is, the aspects and motions of a state coloniality engendered to the process of militarization of Brazilian institutions are listed; thus, we arrive at the context of the final days of the presidential government of the retired military man Jair Messias Bolsonaro, whose mandate is accompanied by denunciations, national and international, regarding the increase in racism and violence against indigenous peoples, together with an ostensive militarized intervention in the context of employees and operationalization of FUNAI (National Indian Foundation). The study follows a qualitative approach, with occasional use of quantitative data, based on a literature review on the subject and journalistic materials on the chosen Yanomami case, and uses legal-normative devices and documents from indigenist institutions in the incorporation of its analysis. The research shows that there are colonial aspects in the Brazilian State, which encourage the permanence of high rates of invasion in TIY and a multifaceted marginalization and genocide of these peoples; still, these results are understood as mandatory practices for the permanence of a state coloniality enjoyed by capitalist economic purposes. In its end, the case study is justified by the humanitarian commitment of scientific social knowledge and the academic relevance of developing Studies on Peace and Conflict (EPC) applied to indigenous peoples, in order to reaffirm the urgent need to enforce the rights indigenous peoples at the national and global levels, in a manifesto for emancipatory indigenist policies and practices.