Governança criminal e negligência estatal no entorno amazônico: uma reflexão sobre os impactos da presença do PCC na população Yanomami e nas mulheres

Abstract

This work aims to understand how Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) presents itself as a form of governance in Amazonian borders. Particularly, its governance capacity generates an authority hybridism along with state authorities. The geographical focus here is the border among Brazil and Venezuela, an area which constitutes significant challenges to local peace. It is hereby understood by hybrid governance the shared legitimacy between the State and other non-state actors with coercitive abilities – in this case, criminal organizations – in administration and supply of goods and services in a region. In the case of the Venezuelan border, borderland is nearly all taken by the Yanomami indigenous land, which creates a very specific dynamic: an indigenous territory punctuated by illegal mining areas that became dominated by PCC since 2018. In this region, we observe that state institutions are especially negligent towards the local population, which is deprived of access to healthcare, food and security; in this context, PCC offers an alternative of security and goods and services such as weapons and food. Thus, this work aims to bring about a descriptive and exploratory character on considering this specific dynamic. Stemming from the collected data, it is possible to observe the correlation between this region’s population’s lack of access to state institutions, the governance held by PCC, and high violence rates in this region, especially against vulnerable populations such as Yanomami communities and women. For this research, a qualitative methodology was used. Along with the bibliographical review referring to already existing literature on this issue, data from news and interviews with members of the civil society has been collected. This data was then analyzed under the light of Critical Peace Studies’ theoretical basis, in order to understand in what way hybrid governance takes place here described and which are its impacts on society in disseminating direct, cultural and structural violence.