Abuso sexual baseado em imagem: contribuições do duplo padrão sexual e dos valores humanos

Abstract

This thesis aims to examine the mediating role of image-based sexual abuse in the relationship between human values and the double sexual standard. To achieve this, the research was organized into a series of articles. Article 1, of a theoretical and exploratory nature, aimed to map empirical studies on the phenomenon, providing a theoretical contextualization of the variable. A scoping review was conducted using electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Psycinfo, and PsycNET in November 2022, which yielded 1,059 articles. The selection and screening of studies were performed independently by two researchers. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 21 articles were selected. To finalize the search and after screening the studies, a backward snowballing approach (reference analysis) was conducted from the selected articles, resulting in the inclusion of an additional five articles, yielding a final sample of 26 empirical studies on the topic. Therefore, the review identified a lack of consensus regarding the terms used to identify image-based sexual abuse. It was observed that there is a need for validated and reliable instruments to measure and understand the construction, as most studies have used questions to assess forms of image-based sexual abuse. Furthermore, no empirical studies were found in Brazil, which limits the generalization of findings to the national context. In conclusion, there is a need for consensus on the terminology for this behavior and how to measure it accurately, emphasizing the importance of adapting and validating an instrument to assess image-based sexual abuse within the Brazilian context. Article 2, The aim of this study was to adapt the Beliefs About Revenge Pornography Questionnaire (BRPQ) to the Brazilian context, gathering evidence of its validity and reliability. In Study 1 (n = 252), Paraíba (30.2%), predominantly female (54.4%), and 5.6% had previously had an intimate photo and/or video shared without their consent. They responded to the BRPQ and a sociodemographic questionnaire. The BRPQ was adapted, and an exploratory factor analysis was conducted, revealing a three-factor structure with adequate fit indices and internal consistency. Study 2 (n = 210), São Paulo (17.3%), predominantly male (60.1%), with 5.3% reporting having had an intimate photo and/or video shared without their consent. Participants responded to the same instruments as in Study 1, along with the Double Standard Scale. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted and item Item Response Theory (IRT). The results indicated that the short version demonstrated better fit indices and, according to IRT, showed good ability to assess the central portion of the continuum of image-based sexual abuse. Additionally, external validity evidence was found, with the BRPQ positively correlating with sexual double standards. It is concluded that the BRPQ demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties and can be used as an alternative instrument to assess this type of offensive behavior.. Finally, in article 3, the objective was to understand the mediating role of image-based sexual abuse in the relationship between human values and the double standard of sexuality, also exploring how this process occurs for individuals of male and female genders. A total of 466 individuals from the general population participated (ages ranging from 18 to 52 years, M = 27.29, SD = 6.59). Participants were from different Brazilian states: São Paulo (17.2%); Paraíba, with an equal gender distribution. They responded to the Beliefs About Revenge Pornography Questionnaire (BRPQ), Double Standard Scale (DSS), Basic Values Questionnaire (BVQ), and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Correlations were conducted, followed by regressions. Descriptive statistics, correlations, regressions, and tests for mediation and moderation models were performed. Mediation models demonstrated the contribution of value subfunctions in predicting the double standard of sexuality, mediated by the BRPQ factors. Gender moderation indicated that the interaction was not statistically significant, suggesting that the strength of these relationships does not vary significantly between men and women. However, when testing the models separately for each gender, a partial mediation effect was observed in the female group. In summary, the internalization of rigid gender norms and victim-blaming continue to play a central role in maintaining image-based sexual abuse, highlighting the importance of interventions that foster a critical reflection on these beliefs and their impact on gender inequality.