Tecnologias sociais no esgotamento sanitário rural: uma revisão sistemática sobre sistemas descentralizados

Abstract

Basic sanitation is one of the main determinants of public health and quality of life, and its deficiency is more pronounced in rural areas, where structural, financial, and institutional limitations prevail. In this context, this study aims to conduct a systematic review of technological innovations and social technologies applied to rural wastewater management, with emphasis on decentralized and low-cost systems. The methodology consisted of a bibliometric review using the Web of Science and Scopus databases, covering publications from 2015 to 2024. Data were analyzed using the Bibliometrix software, enabling the evaluation of indicators such as temporal evolution of publications, most productive countries, leading authors, and keyword co-occurrence networks. Initially, 1,090 articles were identified, and 18 were selected for in-depth analysis after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results indicate a significant increase in scientific production from 2021 onwards, with notable contributions from the United States, China, the United Kingdom, India, and Brazil. The thematic analysis revealed three main axes: pollutant removal efficiency, sustainable sanitation system management, and emerging integrated approaches. The most recurrent technologies include constructed wetlands, evapotranspiration tanks, and biodigester septic tanks, recognized for their technical feasibility, low cost, and suitability for rural contexts. It is concluded that social technologies represent strategic alternatives for achieving universal rural sanitation by integrating environmental sustainability, social inclusion, and community participation.