"Feliz a nação cujo Deus é o Senhor": relações dialógicas e a construção do ethos no discurso político-religioso de Jair Messias Bolsonaro

Abstract

This thesis focuses on the construction of Jair Bolsonaro's political-religious discourse over three periods: pre-presidential, presidential, and post-presidential. This approach is justified by the relevance of the topic, given the pervasiveness of this type of discourse and its implications in the current social context. To this end, three videos available on YouTube were selected, covering the time period 2014-2024. The theoretical-methodological reflection is based on the linguistic-philosophical studies of Bakhtin and the Circle (Bakhtin, 2015, 2016а, 2016b, 2018, 2020; Medvedev, 2019; Voloshinov, 2017, 2019), as well as on the Dialogical Discourse Analysis (DDA) proposed by Brait (2006, 2009, 2013, 2015) and other Brazilian researchers (Sobral, 2014, 2016; Grillo, 2019, 2022; Miotello, 2014; Faraco, 2009; Mueller, 2017; Francelino, 2019; Paula & Luciano, 2020; Kemiac, 2022). In this sense, starting from the qualitative and dialectical approach, after the full transcription of the corpus following Marcuschi (2003), the concepts of dialogical relations, ethos, voices and centripetal and centrifugal forces were mobilized during the analytical process, in order to achieve the intended objective, which is to investigate the construction of Jair Bolsonaro's political- religious discourse as an integral part of a project of political power and religious method, aimed at a conception of government based on traditionalism, (neo) liberalism and non- authoritarianism. Because it is an object of study that crosses different spheres of human activity, studies on politics (Bobbio, 2011, Levitsky; Zibratt, 2018; Avritzer, 2020; Nobre, 2020), religion (Mariano, 2014; Oliveira, 2015, Alexandre, 2020), worldview (Diltey, 1992; Sire, 2012; Naugle, 2017), Christian theology (Grudem, 2014, 2022; Grudem, Asmus, 2016; Horton, 2025), digital media (Charaudeau, 2019; Empoli, 2020; Mello, 2020; Ressa, 2022; Fisher, 2023) and economics (Harvey, 2014; Dardot; 2016; Laval, 2020; Araújo, 2022). The results reveal that the former president's political-religious discourse evidences a constant association with the Christian worldview, through dialogical relationships; the construction of different ethe (outsider, chosen, persecuted, and savior) that bring the speaker closer to biblical figures, including Jesus himself, the use of symbols such as "mission," "grace", and "freedom"; and the apprehension of the discourse of others (pastors, biblical characters, and politicians).

RESUMEN. Esta tesis se centra en la construcción del discurso politico-religioso de Jair Bolsonaro durante tres periodos: prepresidencial, presidencial y pospresidencial. Este enfoque se justifica por la relevancia del tema, dada la omnipresencia de este tipo de discurso y sus implicaciones en el contexto social actual. Para ello, se seleccionaron tres videos disponibles en YouTube, que abarcan el periodo 2014-2024. La reflexión teórico-metodológica se basa en los estudios lingüistico-filosóficos de Bajtin y el Circulo (Bajtin, 2015, 2016a, 2016b, 2018, 2020; Medvedev, 2019; Voloshinov, 2017, 2019), asi como en el Análisis Dialógico del Diseurso (ADD) propuesto por Brait (2006, 2009, 2013, 2015) y otros investigadores brasileños (Sobral, 2014, 2016; Grillo, 2019, 2022: Miotello, 2014; Faraco, 2009: Mueller, 2017: Francelino, 2019; Paula & Luciano, 2020; Kemiac, 2022). En este sentido, a partir del enfoque cualitativo y del método dialéctico, después de la transcripción completa del corpus siguiendo a Marcuschi (2003), los conceptos de relaciones dialógicas, ethos, voces y fuerzas centripetas y centrifugas fueron movilizados durante el proceso analitico, a fin de alcanzar el objetivo pretendido, que es: investigar la construcción del discurso politico-religioso de Jair Bolsonaro como parte integrante de un proyecto de poder político y religioso, centrado en una concepción de gobierno basada en el tradicionalismo, el (neo) liberalismo y el autoritarismo. Por ser un objeto de estudio que cruza diferentes esferas de la actividad humana, los estudios sobre politica (Bobbio, 2011; Levitsky; Zibratt, 2018; Avritzer, 2020; Nobre, 2020), religión (Mariano, 2014; Oliveira, 2015, Alexandre, 2020), cosmovisión (Diltey, 1992; Sire, 2012; Naugle, 2017), teologia cristiana (Grudem, 2014, 2022; Grudem, Asmus, 2016; Horton, 2025), medios digitales (Charaudeau, 2019; Empoli, 2020; Mello, 2020; Ressa, 2022; Fisher, 2023) y economia (Harvey, 2014; Dardot; Laval, 2016; Laval, 2020; Araújo, 2022). Los resultados revelan que el discurso politico-religioso del expresidente evidencia una asociación constante con la cosmovisión cristiana, a través de relaciones dialógicas; la construcción de diferentes ethe (outsider, elegido, perseguido y salvador) que acercan al hablante a figuras biblicas, incluido el propio Jesús; el uso de simbolos como "misión", "gracia" y "libertad"; y la comprensión del discurso de otros (pastores, figuras biblicas y politicos).