Governança híbrida da violência nos limites entre Brasil e Peru: um exame da região fronteiriça DO Vale do Juruá e Ucayali (2018-2023)

Abstract

This monograph analyzes how the activities of Criminal Non-State Actors (CNSAs) shape and reshape security dynamics and territorial control along the border between Brazil (the Juruá Valley, Acre) and Peru (Ucayali) from 2018 to 2023. Adopting a qualitative and interpretivist approach, based on the triangulation of bibliographic sources, official data from the Brazilian Federal Police obtained through the Access to Information Law, and publications and reports produced by specialized think tanks, the study examines the hybrid governance arrangements that emerge from the interaction between state fragility and the power of transnational criminal organizations. The hypothesis guiding the research was that CNSAs fostered the consolidation of forms of hybrid governance in the region, identifiable through the criminal regulation of territories, the selective provision of services to local populations, and the imposition of norms of social conduct. The findings confirm this hypothesis while introducing relevant analytical qualifications: criminal governance did not flourish in an institutional vacuum, but rather in functional coexistence with state presence, constituting what the literature describes as a duopoly of violence or hybrid governance. The Comando Vermelho is present throughout the state of Acre, reinvented the historical exchange system known as aviamento to integrate riverine and Indigenous communities into drug trafficking networks, and demonstrated a greater capacity to adapt to Amazonian geography than the bureaucratic model of the Primeiro Comando da Capital. State responses and international cooperation initiatives achieved significant quantitative advances, but also revealed interconnected structural limitations, particularly the episodic effect of military operations, the role of mass incarceration as a recruitment mechanism for criminal factions, and the difficulty faced by development programs in competing with the territorial reach of illicit networks. The study concludes that an effective response requires a transition from a strategy of sporadic interdiction to one of permanent territorial sovereignty, combining continuous institutional presence, socioeconomic development, and institutionalized bilateral cooperation with Peru.