Amebas de vida livre: uma revisão

Abstract

This work aims to analyze through surveys of articles published in NBCI (Nacional Center for Biotechnology Information), PubMed, SciELO and Google Scholar the relevant aspects of free-living amoebae (FLA), human-disease relationship in the environment and the importance in the hospital environment. FLA are responsible for severe infections such as encephalitis, where in most cases there is no definitive identification as to the microbial agent, occurring in many cases only after the patient's death through autopsy, as well as moderate infections such as keratitis, and infections in skin that affect the individual with or without the need for compromised immune system. Noteworthy genera of medical importance, Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba spp. found in rivers, lakes and pools, which feed on bacteria, fungi and small organic particles. Exposure and contagion are permeated by entrance gates such as the nasal mucosa, which with the occasional natural and/or accidental contact, determines the pathogen's arrival in the individual, triggering a series of responses, aiming at the control and/or the eradication of the disease promoter. The high risk of contamination in hospital environments is emphasized, especially where there is no strict hygienic-sanitary control, especially in water tanks, distribution channels and routine cleaning with the use of disinfectant substances and following the protocols established in surveillance agencies. Currently in Brazil, we have a lack of studies in the area of FLAs, highlighting a greater number of researches from centers located in other countries. We understand that with the expansion of studies in the area of FLAs, especially in Brazil, we will obtain a better knowledge of diseases related to FLAs, allowing better management of affected patients, elucidation of circulating genotypes, definition of pathogenic mechanisms involved in different processes, which will guide therapy, patient care and preventive measures.