Distribuição espacial da cadeia produtiva do petróleo: uma análise da exploração, produção e refino do petróleo no período de 2006 a 2018

Abstract

The discover of deposes of petroleum at the Pre-Salt region, in ocean of deep water at brazilian jurisdiction, has been considered one of the biggest discovers in the world of exploration of that fossil energy, putting Brazil in an estrategic position on the international cenario of demand for energy, till the point of receiving an invitation to participate to the small group of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Very first source of energy used in logistical modals, besides source of basic supplies necessary to the manufacturing of big part of the products that supply the demand of consumption in the contemporary world, petroleum has been considered a energy source that guarantee the global economic development. In that regard, the objective of this article was to accomplish a study of the spacial distribution of the petroleum chain in brazilian territory, from the analysis of exploration, production and refining of petroleum in the period from 2006 to 2018. For that purpose, it has been realized a data survey extracted from Relação Anual de Infromações Sociais (RAIS) of the Ministry of Economy, from Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática (SIDRA) of the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) and from Boletins Mensais da ANP, when the information generated allowed the mapping of the main regions of extraction and of refining of petroleum, basing the calculus on the concentration of this sector in the Federative Unitys, as well as the specialization level of the Federative Unitys that explore this energy source. The results point to the concentration of the production and refining in the Southeast region, being evidenced signs of spacial correlation between the Federative Unitys of this region, with the state of Minas Gerais presenting signs of fortification in the sector, although not being a producer state. It has also been observed the maintenance of the level of production and refining until the year of 2016, ten years after the announcement of discover of the Pre-Salt, having the refining stabilized at 2017, breaking the growth trend, generating productive idleness of about of forty percent of its nominal capacity. The production, in other hand, kept its historical trend, with a significative growth on the extraction of the oil wells in the Pre-Salt after the year of 2016, compensated by the abandonment of the exploration in “dry earth” and in regions of superficial waters in the same period. Finally, it was described the production and sales behavior of the main derivatives of petroleum, in an attempt to verify a direct relation with the productive increase of the basic supply in its elaboration. However, this relation was not identified, contradicting the expectation of increase in the refined production, given the discover of reserves that triplicated our capacity of exploration.