Identificação e análise integrada de espaços naturais e antrópicos com o uso de modelagem ambiental e geotecnologias em unidades de conservação no semiárido brasileiro

Abstract

The Brazilian semiarid region is one of the most populous in the world and its exploratory occupation process begins in the 17th century with the arrival of European settlers. It will be from this period that the relations of use of natural resources, such as native vegetation and water resources, intensify in a more intense way, generating great changes to the natural spaces preserved until then. In the region of Cariris Velhos located in the interior of the state of Paraíba, it was no different, also presenting vast regions modified over the centuries that recently culminated in large areas with various types of environmental degradation, mainly desertification. Since in this region of Paraíba there are environments that have quite peculiar characteristics and different from the most common ones in the dry semiarid region, such as the higher presence of humidity. In the early 2000s, the creation of two Conservation Units (CU) for sustainable use in this region was proposed, the EPA do Cariri and the Onças, the latter being the largest CU in the state of Paraíba in order to manage and mediate the use of natural resources through human needs. Since the creation of the EPAs until the present moment of this research, the two CU's do not present any type of plan referring to physical territorial planning, such as environmental zoning or management plan, as required by the National System of Conservation Units - NSCU. Based on this problem, this research aimed to develop a proposal for the identification of an integrated analysis of natural and anthropic spaces using environmental modeling and geotechnologies that can serve as a subsidy along with other surveys for future proposals for physical territorial planning for both CU's. Methodological procedures were based on three stages: I) an environmental model was developed with the use of geotechnologies called Intensity of Anthropic Action - IAA, which uses variables such as land use and vegetation cover, Landscape Transformation Level - LTL, roads access and drainage network. Using the Euclidean Distance calculation, Fuzzy classification and the Weighted Overlay spatial analysis method; II) application of the Soil Surface Moisture Index - SSMI (LOPES et al., 2011) which uses biophysical parameters from satellite images such as Land Surface Temperature (LST) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) through relationships math between variables with the Raster Calculator tool; III) the insertion of a set of sample points collected in the field by GNSS and obtained through satellite images referring to degraded and preserved areas for both CU's, and what sequence were inserted on the IAA and the SSMI so that it can be analyzed in a integrated the results, of both using Geographic Information System – GIS. The results were divided into chapters, which pointed out the areas where the smallest and largest IAA occur through 5 levels, namely Very Low, Low, Medium, High and Very High (Chapter I). As well as areas that concentrate the lowest and highest levels of SSMI that ranged from 0.0 (Very Dry) to 1.0 (Very Moisture) in Chapter II. And finally, the integrated analysis between both (Chapter III), which indicated that there is a spatial relationship between the areas of High and Very High IAA with the lowest levels of SSMI (0.0 to 0.2), high LST and low NDVI values. In the preserved areas, the lowest levels of IAA (Very Low and Low) were identified, with high levels of SSMI (0.5 to 1.0) and also high NDVI. Presenting the LST with different behaviors between the periods (rainy and dry) in both CU's. It is concluded that the proposal for an integrated analysis of natural and anthropic spaces through environmental modeling presented very relevant and satisfactory results that are close to the local reality and can be used as a subsidy along with other surveys for future proposals for physical territorial planning for both CU's.