Fórmula 1 como instrumento de sports diplomacy e sportswashing no Oriente Médio: uma análise construtivista do caso do Qatar

Abstract

Qatar, an authoritarian state in the Middle East, has been in the international spotlight since the announcement in 2010 that it would host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, aiming to diversify its commercial activity and promote a modern international image. As a result, a growing interest from the country in other sports has been observed, such as Formula 1, which it hosted for the first time at the Losail Circuit in 2021. This study aims to understand the role played by Formula 1, specifically in Qatar, in matters of foreign policy. Whether its presence is used by the qatari government as a way to improve its international insertion — that is, sports diplomacy; whether it is a case of sportswashing, to change international public opinion about the country; or whether it fits into both categories. The research question that guides this study is: How does Qatar use Formula 1 as an instrument of sports diplomacy and sportswashing to shape its identity in the international system? To answer this, a qualitative research was conducted with a constructivist approach, using the case study method and documentary analysis of official speeches, news reports, and reports from international organizations. The research seeks to analyze sport as a tool of foreign policy and its increasing use by authoritarian regimes in the Middle East, specifically Qatar. The concepts of sports diplomacy and sportswashing were also discussed, in order to contrast definitions and contribute academically to this still underexplored topic. Furthermore, the study analyzed how this state has been increasing its international influence in the sports sphere through the sociological bond between sport and fans; and finally, it examined the investments made in Formula 1 through sponsorships and the hosting of Grand Prix races in national territory.