Anemia hemolitica imunomediada em cão

Abstract

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the premature destruction of erythrocytes. This destruction may occur directly in the circulation, due to the action of immunoglobulins and the complement system, resulting in intravascular hemolysis, or extravascularly, when sensitized cells are recognized and removed by macrophages of the mononuclear phagocyte system. The process results in severe, rapidly progressing anemia, often accompanied by lethargy, pale or icteric mucous membranes, splenomegaly, and exercise intolerance. Thromboembolism is the leading cause of death in affected dogs. This report aims to describe a case of primary IMHA in a two-year-old male Pitbull dog weighing 25 kg, treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraíba in July 2024. The patient presented clinical signs consistent with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, which was confirmed by complementary tests and the therapeutic response. The animal was monitored for 21 days, with weekly follow-ups, showing a satisfactory clinical response, progressive improvement, and full recovery by the end of the period. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate management of this condition.