O problema de Sócrates sob a perspectiva de Nietzsche : um diagnóstico psicofisiológico da décadence filosófica e moral.

Abstract

The Greek philosopher Socrates became one of the most influential figures in Western philosophy. The Socratic problem arises as a central challenge in reconstructing such a pivotal methodological and historical figure. Nietzsche subjects the Socratic problem to a psychophysiological inquiry, constructing a mimesis—the "Dying Socrates"—as a representation of the Athenian thinker. As articulated in The Gay Science (Aphorism 340), Nietzsche contends that Socrates negated the value of life by prioritizing reason and dialectics, asserting that truth resides in a metaphysical realm where the beautiful and the just are fixed. To Nietzsche, this stance epitomizes decline, as it contradicts humanity’s instinctual vitality. Moreover, he frames Socrates and Socratism as expressions of décadence: a diseased will that treats life merely as a bridge to another existence, seeking to reform and correct living itself. In doing so, it precipitates a decline in both philosophy and morality. This paper examines the Socratic problem and the "Dying Socrates" through Nietzsche’s lens, analyzing them as embodiments of décadence and their broader implications.