Eventos extremos de chuva e soluções baseadas na natureza no município de João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil

Abstract

This study analyzed the relationship between Nature-based Solutions (NbS), Extreme Rainfall Events (ERE), and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), combining a bibliometric review of the literature with a spatiotemporal analysis of rainfall variability in the municipality of João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil, as well as a comparative analysis between the municipalities of João Pessoa and Guimarães, Braga, Portugal. This review allowed us to consolidate a theoretical framework on NbS and deepen its application in the context of urban flooding, highlighting an exponential growth in global scientific production in the last decade, especially between 2021 and 2025, reflecting the recognition of NbS as sustainable alternatives to conventional infrastructure in the face of climate change. Based on climatological analysis, it was found that the highest daily rainfall volumes and the highest frequency of ERE in João Pessoa are concentrated in areas close to the coast, associated with climatic patterns such as La Niña and/or Negative Dipole, which favor the occurrence and intensification of rainfall. Although no statistically significant trend of increase or decrease in average annual rainfall and ERE was identified, at least one extreme event has occurred annually over the last 15 years, but this is

not always associated with hydrometeorological disasters, highlighting the role of socio- environmental and infrastructure factors in determining risk. It has been noted that NbS are

highly adaptable and multifunctional, with the potential to strengthen urban resilience, sustainability, and innovation in public policies when implemented in an integrated and participatory manner. Experiences in Guimarães and João Pessoa have demonstrated their contribution to mitigating floods and flooding, although their implementation in Brazil is still sporadic and poorly integrated. João Pessoa's potential to expand green areas, reduce impervious surfaces, restore urban rivers, implement eco-trails and green corridors, and strengthen participatory processes is noteworthy. The study also highlighted the importance of institutional structures, such as research laboratories and environmental education, for integrating actions between public authorities, universities, and civil society, enabling testing, climate monitoring, and community engagement. It was concluded that the research contributed to the advancement of knowledge on NbS applied to ERE and DRR, reinforcing the need for future studies with quantitative modeling to assess their effectiveness and support João Pessoa's adaptive planning in the face of the climate emergency, considering NbS as efficient, economical, and sustainable alternatives for DRR.