Avaliação técnico-econômica-ambiental de um sistema de geração híbrido com auxílio de baterias novas e de segunda vida

Abstract

Renewable energy sources are intermittent and require flexibility solutions, such as energy storage systems (ESS). Among these, battery energy storage systems (BESS) stand out for their fast response, low operating costs, and potential for applications such as peak shaving and frequency regulation. However, they face limitations such as high upfront costs, reduced lifespan, and degradation due to charge and discharge cycles. In this context, second-life batteries (SLBs) emerge as a promising alternative. This study evaluates the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of hybrid solar and wind systems using both new and second-life batteries, based on real data from the municipality of Tacaratu (PE), with the aim of meeting residential demand during peak hours. The analysis considered meteorological data, consumption profiles, commercial technologies, and scenarios of installed capacity variation. According to the results, batteries, especially new ones, can reduce grid dependence by up to 30%. SLBs, while showing slightly lower performance, offer lower costs and reduced environmental impact, even though they require a larger number of units to compensate for their reduced capacity. Despite this, almost all the analyzed scenarios showed financial infeasibility, with a negative Net Present Value (NPV) and an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) below expectations, even with variations in the Minimum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR). The only scenarios that proved to be financially viable were those with 25% of the expected initial capacity and only one renewable source; purely battery-based scenarios showed no viability at all. This highlights the need for regulatory reforms that recognize the services provided by ESS, such as power supply, energy reserve, and ancillary services. Proposed measures include the definition of storage agents, tariff adjustments, participation in capacity auctions, and incentives for research and development. The study reinforces the strategic role of batteries in Brazil’s energy transition, especially when integrated with renewable sources. The adoption of SLBs may accelerate their economic and environmental viability, but it depends on public policies that value the flexibility services provided to the power system.