Avaliação do bem-estar infantil e do estilo parental de famílias participantes de um projeto social

Abstract

Introduction: The first years of life are considered a phase in which essential neurophysiological processes occur, namely neural maturation where neural circuits are formed and established through interaction with the environment, which are responsible for imminent acquisition and conducive to development. in the different domains: motor, cognitive and socio-affective. Even in the face of all the advances that have taken place in relation to children's health in Brazil, developmental screening, detection of possible delays and the presence of risk factors are still issues that need to be adjusted in health, education and social assistance services. Thus, the evaluation and monitoring of child development are essential procedures that contribute positively to the child's health. Objective: To describe and analyze the well-being of children aged 0 to 6 years and the parenting styles adopted by families participating in a social project. Methodology: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach, which is the result of the scientific initiation project “Assessment and monitoring of child development in children aged zero to six years” of the Department of Occupational Therapy of the Federal University of Paraíba. The sociodemographic questionnaire and the history of the child's development, the Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria (CCEB), the Parental Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (QEDP) and the Survey of Wellbeing of Young Children - Brazilian version were used as research instruments (SWYC-BR). The project had the participation of 22 children from 4 months to 6 years and 11 months of age and their families, who are assisted by a philanthropic Social Project in the city of Pilar, “Projeto Social Benjamim Monteiro da Silva”, located in the mesoregion of Mata Paraiba. Results/Discussion: Through SWYC it was possible to identify some alerts for the development, behavior and presence of some risk factors in the family environment. Of the 12 respondents about the Developmental Milestones, 4 (33.3%) were alert, that is, 1 out of 3 children had developmental delay. Regarding the risks of changes in behavior, of the 22 responses, 12 (54.5%) are at risk. Only 1 (N = 5) child was “at risk” for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Regarding the presence of a risk factor in the family environment, 13 (59.0%) families have one or more risk factors, among which the following stand out: the use of cigarettes and/or other drugs, food insecurity, parental depression and domestic violence. Among the results found, there was a significant number of risks of behavioral changes and the presence of risk factors in the family environment, which influence child development in a way that can affect the child's quality of life and well-being, increasing , thus, the chances of unfavorable and negative events throughout your life. Regarding parenting style, most mothers adopt the democratic style, with a quantitative of 8 (36.4%) people, while 2 (9.1%) use the permissive style. The others, on the other hand, use more than one style to educate their child: 4 (18.2%) adopt both democratic and permissive; 3 (13.6%) democratic and authoritarian; 1 (4.5%) the permissive and authoritarian style; and 3 (13.6%) adopt all styles. It also found that 1 (4.5%) person does not adopt any of the parenting styles. Conclusion: It is concluded that the evaluation and screening of child development is essential for detecting possible delays in development and promoting child health, especially in early childhood. In addition, the need for research that includes the assessment and screening of child development is reinforced, especially in early childhood, so that they consider the child's family context. Finally, it is important to create, implement and improve public policies aimed at this population, which result in better living conditions and are able to meet the demands of children and their families.