Substituição parcial de cloreto de sódio por cloreto de potássio: Influência sobre os parâmetros de qualidade do pão francês

Abstract

There is a worldwide trend towards the sodium reduction in processed food, based on their relation with the increase in blood pressure. Knowing that the French bread is a type of food that contribute most to sodium intake by the Brazilian population, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the replacement of sodium chloride (NaCl) by potassium chloride (KCl) in this product as a way to satisfy this trend, evaluating the effects of these substances on their physico-chemical, sensory and physical characteristics. A 22-factorial design was used with 4 factorial points and 3 central points, making a total of 7 experiments, which independent variables were: sodium chloride (0.4 to 1.6%) and potassium chloride (0.2 to 0.8 %). The physical and physicochemical responses were: humidity, pH, acidity, specific volume, color (L*, a*, b*) and texture profile (firmness, chewiness, elasticity and cohesiveness). The sensory responses were: skin color, color purity of the surface, opening of the crust, crumb color, crumb structure, fermented aroma, salty flavor, bitter residual crispness of the crust, crumb softness, chewiness and moisture. Analyses were conducted with 14 trained tasters through based methodology on the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA). It was also assessed the levels of sodium and potassium present in the formulations. Only the salty taste and sensorial chewiness responses generated statistically significant models, for others it was not possible to establish meaningful models. This result indicates that, despite variations in the concentrations of sodium chloride and potassium chloride, they had no effect on these criteria, obtaining a uniform product to the studied treatments. Potassium chloride caused a greater effect on sensory chewiness variable: optimized range for the use of salt in the product was 0.2 to 0.5%. Sodium chloride had the highest effect on salty flavor variable: optimized range for use from salt was 1.0 to 1.6%. All reductions meet the standards recommended by ANVISA for 2014. The results of this study indicate that, at the levels studied, the addition of potassium chloride favored in getting French bread with lower levels of sodium and proved the technological feasibility of producing French bread with 50% salt reduction (1.0% in the commercial formulation) with 0.5% potassium chloride, which provide bread with the amount of sodium proposed to meet the set limits (174,09 mg.50g 1), related to the salt standard formulation 1.88% (306,5 mg.50g-1) .