Políticas de gestão dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares na cidade de Fortaleza/Ceará: avanços e desafios

Abstract

With the population growth and urbanization in Brazil in the final decades of the twentieth century, the separation, the collection and disposal of solid waste has become a major environmental and public health problem. In Brazil, while the population increased by 16%, the amount of solid waste collected in the same period increased by 56%. In Fortaleza, for the same period, the population increased by 8.29%, while the production of solid waste grew by 124.68%. It is known that in the next 50 years, the amount of waste will quintuple, if it keep current consumption patterns. The city of Fortaleza, Ceará, with almost three million inhabitants, has an average production of solid waste of 145,000 ton / month, and has a landfill that would have life planned for the year 2014. It also has a municipal administrative division distributed by seven regional and 25 Generating Waste Zones (ZGL). This study aimed to analyze management policies of domestic solid waste of Fortaleza its advances and challenges in the light of Law 12,305 / 2010, establishing the National Policy on Solid Waste (PNRS). Specific objectives found: a) the existence and content of the Municipal Plan of Integrated Solid Waste Management (PMGIRS, 2012); b) the process of inclusion of collectors and their associations in municipal management; c) the existence and extent of selective collection processes and use of organic waste; d) the existence and quality of environmental education programs promoted by the municipality and e) the management of collection and final disposal of waste collected. The methodology followed a qualitative approach and conjugated instruments such as literature, documentary research, and systematic observation of the problem over the fieldwork, interviews, and questionnaires with the various governmental and non-governmental actors. The survey results indicate that the city of Fortaleza today has a Municipal Plan of Integrated Solid Waste Management (PMGIRS), approved in 2012; a Plan of Integrated Solid Waste Management, 2009; the laws No. 8408 of 1999 and 10,340 of 2015 dealing with waste produced in large quantities, with a landfill and a regular collection of household waste in all districts of the city, which is put into practice, would have a great result. However, even with this document, it is still unrealized the institutionalized selective collection and destination and final disposal environmentally appropriate, and besides this, there remains a large number of "garbage points" scattered throughout the city. It was also possible to find that the municipal management policies of solid waste not yet promotes universal programs and continuous environmental education; is incipient inclusion of scavengers and their associations; It does not make the use of organic waste and the energy potential of the landfill and to undertake formal agreements of reverse logistics between all involved actors.