Os impactos do óleo cru sobre organismos marinhos: uma revisão integrativa

Abstract

Introduction: The constituents present in crude oil are threats to marine organisms, and this interaction can result in long-term effects. The impacts vary according to the organisms and their exposure to the oil, which is due to the amount discharged, persistence in the affected area and distance from the primary source. Objective: is to identify the possible impacts of crude oil exposure on marine organisms. Methodology: it was an integrative, cross-sectional and retrospective study, with restricted sample selection, limited to 10 selected articles. The following keywords were combined: "Oil crude"; AND; "Health"; AND; "Marine ecosystem", applied in Boolean searches, carried out between December 2019 and January 2020 in the databases Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Scopus, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrievel System Online (MedLine)/PubMed and Web of Science in the period 2010 to 2020. Results: 53 articles and 10 selected in bibliographic databases were found, from these Scopus (43.3%), Web of Science (37.7%), MedLine/PubMed (18.8%) and none in the SciELO database. The studies measured the impacts of the interaction of crude oil constituents on the aquatic and coastal ecosystem, experimental research was collected from sediments, sea water and/or marine organisms. All selected studies were based on the relevance of the changes promoted after these environmental accidents of crude oil spills. Final considerations: The method presented precise and satisfactory findings in relation to the answer to the research question. Elimination of sensitive organisms and pathological changes in fish were identified. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) stand out for their risk of mutation and development of carcinogenic organisms in exposed fish and promote malformation of fish embryos. Therefore, short, medium and long term studies of changes in the affected aquatic ecosystem and under risks of contamination by crude oil are suggested, and research on prevention, recovery, forms of resistance and recolonization of organisms is developed. It is important to stress that these studies are not stimulated by environmental accidents.