Análise da atividade e identificação de fatores de melhoria na construtibilidade e segurança ocupacional em edificações

Abstract

The civil construction sector stands out for its representativeness in the economy and absorption of labor. However, this sector presents high levels indicators of occupational accidents, both in Brazil and in other countries. It is observed in the available scientific literature that there is a relation between the level of constructability existing in a construction and the quality of the work, productivity, efficiency, waste, budget, occupational safety. In order to improve these aspects, research indicates that integration among the various professionals involved in the project and execution stages is necessary. From the perspective of participatory and design ergonomics, it is emphasized that its approach considers the involvement of the various members of the process, and using the experience of these professionals in the design and incorporating the needs of the work situation identified through activity analysis. This work aims to identify the design, organizational and technological aspects that influence the safety and constructability in the execution of the reinforced concrete structure of a multi - floor building. Data collection was done through the application of observational methods - with the application of observation scripts - and of interactive methods, such as the application of a questionnaire, a dynamic script of conversational action, with the respondent subjects being the master builder, construction engineer, structural designer and architect. These methods were used to identify the relationship between constructability and work safety during the execution of the work, specifically in 3 characteristic situations: inverted beam, console pillar and L-pillar. The data were processed through a matrix of comments. The comments were classified by relevant categories for analysis and discussion. The research allowed identifying that the design aspects refer to the compatibility of intercomplementary projects, search of simplification of the element of design and development of solutions. The organizational aspects that favored improvements in constructability and occupational safety happen through maintenance of teams over the years, collaboration between designers and executors, accumulation of knowledge from other experiences in the design and execution process. It was also verified that the strategy of maintaining the project and execution team facilitates communication among professionals, optimizes the process of project compatibility and helps to create technical memory, allowing anticipating solutions in terms of constructability in the design phase. Technological aspects have resulted in improvements in occupational safety, in the acceleration of production, in the reduction of the production cycle, in the better efficiency of the construction process, in the elimination of intermediate operations and in the minimization or elimination of the risks of accidents existing before the construction measures adopted.