Condições ambientais do estuário do rio Paraíba e qualidade de vida : contribuições para gestão pública

Abstract

Estuarine areas are of great environmental, economic, social and cultural relevance. However, throughout human history, these ecosystems have been the target of several anthropogenic actions, which end up harming all these types of environments. The aim of this work was to analyze the environmental conditions, the sanitary conditions and the socio-environmental conflicts present in the Paraíba River Estuary, from Porto do Capim to the mouth of the Paraíba River. For this, the work was carried out in the following stages: survey of the main environmental problems through on-site visits; water quality analysis at 14 points throughout the study site, in two seasonal periods, rainy and dry season. Analysis of bioaccumulation of trace metals in three locations in the estuary. Survey of the basic sanitation conditions of the communities near the Paraíba River and the prevalence of some waterborne diseases. Environmental perception study with students about the estuary. The results showed several anthropic actions that negatively influence the environmental conditions of the estuary. Among the main ones, there was deforestation, discharge of domestic sewage, solid waste disposed inappropriately, burning, loss of biodiversity, among others. The water analysis showed loss in water quality caused by sources of continuous pollution, not dependent on leaching, that is, domestic sewage and also by leaching processes, mainly by agriculture. It was observed in point 1 (P1), that ammonia concentrations were above the values allowed by CONAMA resolution n ° 357/2005. Regarding bioaccumulation, despite the results confirming the presence of trace metals, all were below the values allowed by current legislation. However, aluminum showed high values, especially for the Anamalocardia Mollusca from Porto do Capim, which is under direct influence of the old Roger dump and part of the old city and Bayeux, however there is no standard with maximum values allowed for this element. Regarding sanitary conditions, the data survey demonstrated the precariousness of basic sanitation, mainly access to treated water, sewage and waste collection. Such facts have a direct influence on the number of waterborne diseases, with Ascaridiasis being the main one. Environmental awareness and awareness studies have shown that students are aware of the problems surrounding the estuary, however, many of them are indifferent to this scenario. Thus, it is necessary to implement public policies to improve basic sanitation. The sewage treatement could be with incentive and training for the construction of ecological pits for black and gray waters. There is also a need for continuous and integrated environmental education.