Globalização, abertura e custos de comércio: efeitos das políticas comerciais adotadas pelo Brasil durante as duas ondas de globalização e entreguerras

Abstract

This work attempts to investigate and analyze the effects of the commercial policies used in Brazil, as well as their openness degree and trade costs during the years of the first wave of globalization, interwar period and second wave of globalization. A parallel is made regarding the policies adopted over the time analyzed, the openness of the brazilian economy and the inherently costs for trading with other countries. For that, it was used the Inverse Gravity model, which uses the difference between bilateral trade and frictionless trade, comprising tariffs, transportation costs and other factors that may struggle the international trade. The results shows a slightly decrease on the trade costs and a higher openness degree during the first wave of globalization. A significant increase on the trade costs and a decrease in degree of openness during interwar period and a large drop on trade costs, followed by a great increase in openness during the second wave of globalization.