Avaliação de planos de gestão e propostas de mitigação dos impactos ambientais em unidades de conservação marinhas da Paraíba

Abstract

The establishment of conservation units is one of the most effective tools to promote the conservation of biodiversity and the reduction of negative impacts on the environment, contributing significantly to sustainable development. Even though they are periodically referred to new contexts and new needs, these spaces continue to adapt and collaborate to meet social interests in terms of conserving countless values presented by nature and maintaining the services provided by their ecosystems. However, for the perpetuation of the sustainable management of these conservation units, it is necessary to assertively know the existing environmental impacts and, especially, the actions to mitigate them. In this sense, this work investigated whether the activities of the Management Programs defined for the Management Plan of the Parque Estadual Marinho de Areia Vermelha (PEMAV) were well outlined and allowed the minimization of the impacting actions established in the thematic groups: "Anthropic pressure, Public Use, Management, Communication and Awareness”, without the need for adjustments and information complements. For this analysis, a new impact evaluation methodology was developed based on the SWOT and Leopold's adapted interaction matrix techniques, which made it possible to identify high, medium and low impact actions. Of the total of 39 impactful actions that produced 50 impacts (biotic, physical and socioeconomic environments), 24 were of high impact, 20 of medium and 6 of low degree. The 24 high-level actions were discussed, as they are those that require emergency mitigating measures. Also, a document analysis of the management plan was carried out with the objective of highlighting the positive points and contributing with suggestions for improvement of this document. The result of these analyzes culminated in the demand for complementary elements with a view to the effective implementation of the Management Programs and a general correction of the plan. In addition, an environmental impact evaluation with the new tool for this purpose was carried out for 3 reef environments (Ilha de Areia Vermelha, and natural pools of Picãozinho and Seixas) existing in the area comprised by the Marine Conservation Units Parque Estadual Marinho de Areia Vermelha (PEMAV) and Área de Proteção Ambiental Naufrágio Queimado (APANQ), in order to identify the most relevant negative impacts, mainly from tourist activities, existing in these places. This evaluation was supported by on-site observations, as well as the use of secondary data from research and interviews with actors involved in these locations. Impacts such as: trampling; anchorage; water pollution; fishing; disorderly tourism; lack of environmental monitoring research; lack of environmental awareness and absence of an environmental awareness and education project” (visitors, surrounding community, students); and water quality of rivers and estuaries, were the most significant, and for some of these technological alternatives of documentary and sustainable nature were proposed - among them: 5W2H action plan, spreadsheet for communication management, reproduction of corals in the laboratory, bioremediation of the rivers that flow into the estuaries, sewage treatment by ecological pits -, aiming at mitigating these disturbances.