Impactos ambientais e socioeconômicos da implantação de uma usina solar fotovoltaica no estado da Paraíba

Abstract

The study addresses the installation of a solar power generation and distribution plant in the municipality of Juazeirinho, Paraíba, Brazil. The research aims to identify and analyze the environmental and social impacts resulting from the installation process of a 1 MW photovoltaic plant, from the initial stages to project completion. The study seeks to quantify and qualify these impacts, proposing mitigation strategies and material reuse practices. Legal and environmental aspects are highlighted, emphasizing the role of the National Environment Council (CONAMA) and the need for Simplified Environmental Licensing (LAS) for such enterprises. The study area was analyzed using simplified Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) tools, identifying influence zones, installation methods, mitigation measures, and environmental control programs. The research was motivated by the lack of environmental licensing in small-scale solar enterprises in the semi-arid region of Paraíba. The results indicated impacts of moderate to high magnitude, mainly vegetation suppression, soil compaction, and landscape alteration. It is recommended to adopt waste reuse practices and implement continuous environmental monitoring programs to reduce negative effects and strengthen the sustainability of the solar energy sector. It is concluded that the practical and systematic application of EIA tools in small-scale projects represents a relevant contribution to the improvement of environmental assessment and management practices at the local scale.